Words, umlauts, and hyphens
Letters and numbers form word-like segments, so Grüezi, Zürich, and école are recognized correctly. An apostrophe inside a term normally remains part of that word. Hyphens divide segments: E-Mail-Adresse is counted as E, Mail, and Adresse. This is reproducible, although a publisher’s house rules may differ.
Characters with and without spaces
The first character total includes visible symbols and whitespace. The second removes spaces, tabs, and line breaks before counting. Joined emoji and letters built from a base plus a combining accent count as one visible character where the browser’s grapheme segmenter supports that sequence.
Sentences, paragraphs, and lines
A period, question mark, or exclamation mark followed by whitespace can end a sentence; a new line can establish another boundary. Paragraphs are blocks separated by at least one blank line. Lines are different: every manual line break increases that total, including a break inside one paragraph.
Reading and speaking duration
The estimate divides the word total by 200 or 130 words per minute and rounds upward. It supports planning and comparison rather than exact timing. Source code, tables, number-heavy material, and unfamiliar proper names will usually take longer than ordinary prose with the same count.